The effect of conservation tillage in managing climate change in arid and semiarid areas—a case study in Northwest China

Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change - Coastal cities are exposed to high risks due to climate change, as they are potentially affected by both rising sea levels and increasingly...     

How should environmental exposure risk be assessed? A comparison of four methods for exposure assessment of air pollutions

Methods commonly used to assess the environmental exposure risk at a location (e.g., proximity models) are usually based on different assumptions, leading to conflicting results and recommendations in epidemiological studies. In this case study, a comparative evaluation of the accuracy levels associated with four commonly used exposure risk estimate models [i.e., traditional proximity model (TPM), emission weighted proximity model (EWPM), the American Meteorological Society/EPA regulatory model (AERMOD), and ordinary kriging interpolation (OKI)] were conducted. Results show that at the annual and the monthly scales, the normalized exposure risk values simulated by AERMOD and EWPM have higher accuracy levels than the simulations from the TPM and OKI methods. However, AERMOD has higher accuracy than that of the EWPM, and this was attributed to the differences of input data. EWPM provided the most accurate simulations when analysts have access to only point emission source data. The results also indicate that the accuracies of the exposure risks simulated by AERMOD and EWPM can be influenced by factors such as the modeling extent, the distance settings, and so forth.     

高职教育考试方法改革的探索与实践

根据高职教育教学的要求和课程特点，尤其是为适应培养应用型人才的教学模式，打破“高分低能”的现象，充分发挥考试在高职教育中的指导性作用，本文以食品质量与安全专业的课程为例，对考试考核方法的改革进行了探索与实践。高职教育的考试应突出应用能力考核，加强实践技能检验，坚持在实践中学习、在实践中考核，全面推行操作技能考核，施行“考教分离”，考试形式多样化的原则。     

PH3液相催化氧化净化研究

以Mn2 和Pd2 为催化剂的吸收液对含低浓度PH3的混合气进行了液相催化氧化净化研究.考察了催化剂配比、混合气中O2浓度、PH3初始浓度、反应温度、气体流量和吸收液pH与PH3净化效率的关系.结果表明,催化剂中Pd2 与Mn2 的质量比为1:4时可获得较佳的净化效果;随着混合气中O2浓度的增加,吸收液对PH3的净化效率有所提高;在20～75℃内,低温对PH3净化有利,较适宜的反应温度为20℃;较低的PH3初始浓度和低气体流量均有利于PH3的净化;较高的pH有利于吸收液中催化剂催化效能的发挥.吸收液对PH3的净化效率可达100%,但因吸收液中的金属离子易与催化氧化PH3产生的PO3-4形成沉淀,使金属离子脱离液相催化氧化系统,吸收液失效较快.     

环境中的主要人工辐射源及其剂量

本文论述了因人类活动而产生的主要人工辐射源的来源、种类以及对人的辐照剂量的估计。     

Concentrations and inventories of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and organochlorine pesticides in watershed soils in the Pearl River Delta,China

The concentration levels, source, and inventories of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in 55 surface vegetable soils in the watershed of the Pearl River Delta (PRD) were analyzed and compared with those of the surface sediments in the Pearl River Estuary (PRE) and northern South China Sea (SCS). The 16 priority PAHs on US EPA list range from 58 to 3,077 microg/kg (average: 315 microg/kg). The concentrations of DDTs and HCHs range from 3.58 to 831 microg/kg (average: 82.1 microg/kg) and from 0.19 to 42.3 microg/kg (average: 4.42 microg/kg). The ratios of DDT/ (DDD+DDE) are higher than 2 in majority of the soil samples, suggesting that DDT contamination still exists. The PAH ratios suggest that the source of PAHs is petroleum, and combustion of fossil fuel, biomass, and coal. The average concentrations of PAHs and the linear regression slope between PAHs and TOC for the soils and the sediments are quite similar. It was estimated that the soil mass inventories at 0-20 cm depth are 1,292 metric tons for PAHs and 356 metric tons for OCPs in the studied region. The average PAHs inventory per unit area for the soil samples investigated in PRD is about 0.86 time that of surface sediments in the Pearl River Estuary, and about 2.43 times that of surface sediments in the northern South China Sea. PAHs in the soils in PRD have similar source to those of the surface sediments in PRE. All of those may suggest that PAHs in PRE and SCS are probably mainly inputted from the soils in PRD via soil erosion and river transport.     

改进属性识别法在水质评价中的应用

为克服水质综合评价过程中指标权重带有主观性的弱点,提出了基于数据驱动技术确定权重的改进属性识别法,综合利用分类标准信息和样本信息进行迭代确定权重.采用浮桥河水库枯水期水质监测资料进行水质评价,验证了该模型用于水质综合评价的可行性.     

Accelerated seeded precipitation pre-treatment of municipal wastewater to reduce scaling

Membrane based treatment processes are very effective in removing salt from wastewater, but are hindered by calcium scale deposit formation. This study investigates the feasibility of removing calcium from treated sewage wastewater using accelerated seeded precipitation. The rate of calcium removal was measured during bench scale batch mode seeded precipitation experiments at pH 9.5 using various quantities of calcium carbonate as seed material. The results indicate that accelerated seeded precipitation may be a feasible option for the decrease of calcium in reverse osmosis concentrate streams during the desalination of treated sewage wastewater for irrigation purposes, promising decreased incidence of scaling and the option to control the sodium adsorption ratio and nutritional properties of the desalted water. It was found that accelerated seeded precipitation of calcium from treated sewage wastewater was largely ineffective if carried out without pre-treatment of the wastewater. Evidence was presented that suggests that phosphate may be a major interfering substance for the seeded precipitation of calcium from this type of wastewater. A pH adjustment to 9.5 followed by a 1-h equilibration period was found to be an effective pre-treatment for the removal of interferences. Calcium carbonate seed addition at 10 g l⁻¹ to wastewater that had been pre-treated in this way was found to result in calcium precipitation from supersaturated level at 60 mg l⁻¹ to saturated level at 5 mg l⁻¹. Approximately 90% reduction of the calcium level occurred 5 min after seed addition. A further 10% reduction was achieved 30 min after seed addition.     

长江流域春夏旱涝灾害与太平洋海温关联性研究

基于长江流域区域1956-2011年50年气象资料和同期太平洋海温资料,采用Z指数、EOF、REOF、SVD分析等方法,探讨长江流域春季和夏季旱涝特征及其旱涝事件与极端海温异常之间的关联性,得出以下结论。1REOF的Z指数春夏季节旱涝空间分区特征显示,春季前6个模态的累计方差贡献率能够达到61.2%,收敛速度较平缓,夏季前6个模态累积方差贡献率更低,只有52.1%。2前冬太平洋海温的变化与长江流域旱涝的态势呈显著相关关系,春季海温场与长江流域旱涝Z指数场的SVD第一模态显示,长江流域的东北区的旱涝与厄尔尼诺显著相关,当赤道东太平洋海温升高,西太平洋海温降低时,长江流域东北地区偏涝,而长江流域的西部地区偏旱,反之亦然。3夏季海温场与长江流域旱涝Z指数场的SVD第一模态,表明太平洋海温分布主要呈现南北向的分布,当赤道中东太平洋海温偏高,北太平洋海温偏低时,长江流域夏季中部地区偏涝。反之亦然。第二模态,全球海温呈现厄尔尼诺类型的分布,中东太平洋是负相关,而在西太平洋为显著负相关。